{"id":112972,"date":"2024-08-12T15:29:44","date_gmt":"2024-08-12T15:29:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/08\/12\/a-boosted-immunity-gene-seems-to-help-sparrows-eat-poop-spiked-food\/"},"modified":"2024-08-12T15:29:44","modified_gmt":"2024-08-12T15:29:44","slug":"a-boosted-immunity-gene-seems-to-help-sparrows-eat-poop-spiked-food","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/08\/12\/a-boosted-immunity-gene-seems-to-help-sparrows-eat-poop-spiked-food\/","title":{"rendered":"A boosted immunity gene seems to help sparrows eat poop-spiked food"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/072624_nvh_sparrows_inline_gif.gif?resize=680%2C378&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"A boosted immunity gene seems to help sparrows eat poop-spiked food\" title=\"A boosted immunity gene seems to help sparrows eat poop-spiked food\" \/><\/div> \r\n<br><div data-component=\"video-embed\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n<p>For animals exploring new territory, taking risks is key to survival. But eating unfamiliar foods can be dicey, since they might contain new pathogens and parasites. One avian immune system, however, seems to have a way of rolling with the punches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers found a link between the willingness of female house sparrows to eat weird food \u2014 specifically, seed spiked with chicken poop \u2014 and the expression level of a gut immunity gene, <em>TLR4<\/em>. The higher the expression of this gene, the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more poop-laced food the birds ate<\/a>, the team reports in the July <em>Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<style><![CDATA[\n.email-conversion {\n  border: 1px solid #ffcccb;\n  color: white;\n  margin-top: 50px;\n  background-image: url(\"\/wp-content\/themes\/sciencenews\/client\/src\/images\/cta-module@2x.jpg\");\n  padding: 20px;\n  clear: both;\n}\n\n]]><\/style>\n\n\n\n                        <style class=\"is-layout-flow 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none;\n}\n\nform.zephr-form-content {\n    opacity: .9;\n}\n\nlabel.zephr-form-checkbox-label {\n    font-size: 1.2rem;\n    font-weight: bolder;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-custom-text > h4 {\n    color: black !important;\n}\n\nbutton.zephr-form-button {\n    background: #d4441f !important;\n    font-weight: bold !important;\n    text-transform: uppercase !important;\n}\n\nlabel.zephr-payment-form-checkbox-label {\n    color: white;\n    font-size: 1.6rem;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-content {\n    background:#2f537f;\n    \n}\n\n.zephr-payment-form-custom-text {\n    margin-top: .2rem;\n}\n\n.zephr-payment-form-checkbox-label {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    font-family: var(--zephr-typography-body-font), var(--zephr-typography-body-fallbackFont);\n    color: white;\n    font-weight: bold;\n}]]><\/style>\n                        \n                        \n<\/aside>\n\n\n<p><em>TLR4<\/em> produces a protein that warns the immune system of bacterial invaders in the gut, says study coauthor Lynn \u201cMarty\u201d Martin, a disease ecologist at the University of South Florida in Tampa. High gene expression means the gut is on alert, he says, so the birds seem to take more foraging risks. The findings could help to explain why house sparrows are so adept at colonizing new parts of the world, even when at risk of encountering unfamiliar parasites and pathogens. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Martin\u2019s lab has previously shown that sparrows on the fringe of populations expanding their range are more inclined to try new foods and tend to express high levels of <em>TLR4<\/em>. He and colleagues want to know whether the level of gene expression is linked to a \u201cflexible\u201d immune system that can seemingly fine-tune itself on the fly, adjusting expression levels like turning\u00a0knobs on a radio. This flexibility could enable the immune system to counterattack new threats more readily than an immune system hardwired to defend against old, familiar enemies, Martin says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To begin to test the idea, he and colleagues caught 37 wild house sparrows, <em>Passer domesticus<\/em>, in the Tampa area, where the birds are an introduced species, and gave them two feeding tests. In one test, sparrows received seed mixed with sterilized chicken poop \u2014 mimicking the kind of unsavory material sparrows often encounter as ground feeders in cities and on farms. In the other, sparrows could choose between poop-spiked seed and normal seed. Birds were hidden from one another during the tests because sparrows are social eaters, taking cues from one another on which foods to eat and which to avoid. Afterward, researchers analyzed <em>TLR4<\/em> expression in the birds\u2019 gut tissue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3141991\">This animation shows how house sparrows (Passer domesticus) have expanded their historic range (green) and colonized new areas (yellow) since 1800. A flexible immune system that can accommodate risky behavior may contribute to the birds\u2019 wanderlust.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3141991\">Haley Hanson, Noreen Mathews and Jaime Zolik<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The greater the level of <em>TLR4 <\/em>expression in female sparrows, the more spiked food they ate. \u201cThose individuals have guts prepared to deal with more bad guys flooding in,\u201d Martin says. \u201cAs the female takes risks, they\u2019re going to increase the chances that a bad guy gets through.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sparrows that expressed high levels of <em>TLR4 <\/em>ate more food than those with lower expression of the gene, but dietary decisions differed by sex: High <em>TLR4 <\/em>females ate large amounts of both spiked and unspiked food while high <em>TLR4<\/em> males opted for more unspiked food. And when offered a choice, both females and males showed a marked preference for the poop-free seed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The difference in female and male feeding choices may have been due to the timing of the experiment, Martin says. The researchers tested sparrows during the breeding season when females\u2019 energy needs increase as they ramp up egg production and prepare to care for nestlings. Female sparrows generally ate more food and ate faster than males in the experiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The findings add more nuance to the growing field of behavioral immunology, which examines the interplay between the immune system and behaviors that can help animals to either avoid or reduce health threats. Martin and colleagues\u2019 work \u201cis exciting because they are showing this mechanistic underpinning that may explain variation in behavior \u2014 risk-taking or risk-avoidance behavior,\u201d says physiological ecologist Sarah DuRant of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville. \u201cThere aren\u2019t a lot of studies really connecting those underlying physiological mechanisms.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DuRant\u2019s own work in canaries has shown that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/canary-immune-system-sight-illness-sick-birds\">the sight of a sick neighbor can trigger a preemptive immune response<\/a> in healthy birds (SN: 6\/8\/21). On reading the new study, DuRant wondered whether house sparrows\u2019 gut gene expression is shaped by their environment, or if the birds are \u201cpre-programmed\u201d one way or another. \u201cI\u2019m not sure that\u2019s totally resolved at this point, but I think they\u2019re getting there,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While sparrows are unlikely to be conscious of adjustments in gut gene expression, one question is how these tweaks result in observable behavior changes. In other words, how does a sparrow \u201cknow\u201d it can make risky food choices?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDo they plan the way that their guts work? Probably not,\u201d Martin says. \u201cBut they are a lot more brainy than little things are often given credit.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/tolerant-immune-system-house-sparrow\">Source link <\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For animals exploring new territory, taking risks is key to survival. But eating unfamiliar foods can be dicey, since they might contain new pathogens and parasites. One avian immune system, however, seems to have a way of rolling with the punches. Researchers found a link between the willingness of female house sparrows to eat weird [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":112973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/072624_nvh_sparrows_inline_gif.gif?resize=680%2C378&ssl=1","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[606],"tags":[30910,28657,1720,15632,12313,92650,92649],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112972"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=112972"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112972\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":112974,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112972\/revisions\/112974"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/112973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=112972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=112972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}