{"id":133844,"date":"2024-09-13T13:48:24","date_gmt":"2024-09-13T13:48:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/09\/13\/mega-el-ninos-kicked-off-the-worlds-worst-mass-extinction\/"},"modified":"2024-09-13T13:48:24","modified_gmt":"2024-09-13T13:48:24","slug":"mega-el-ninos-kicked-off-the-worlds-worst-mass-extinction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/09\/13\/mega-el-ninos-kicked-off-the-worlds-worst-mass-extinction\/","title":{"rendered":"Mega El Ni\u00f1os kicked off the world&#8217;s worst mass extinction"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:center\"><\/div> \r\n<br><div data-component=\"video-embed\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n<p>A barrage of intense, wild swings in climate conditions may have fueled the largest mass extinction in Earth\u2019s history. A re-creation of how ancient sea surface temperatures, ocean and atmosphere circulation, and landmasses interacted revealed an Earth plagued by nearly decade-long stints of droughts, wildfires and flooding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers knew that a spike in global temperatures \u2014 triggered by gas emissions from millions of years of enormous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/volcanic-activity-convicted-permian-extinction\">volcanic eruptions<\/a> in what is now Siberia \u2014 was the likely culprit behind a mass extinction roughly 252 million years ago (<em>SN: 8\/28\/15<\/em>). But it was the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.ado2030\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resulting catastrophic \u201cmega El Ni\u00f1os\u201d<\/a> that whiplashed ecosystems, ultimately wiping out some 90 percent of all ocean species and 75 percent of those on land, researchers report in the Sept. 13 <em>Science<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<style><![CDATA[\n.email-conversion {\n  border: 1px solid #ffcccb;\n  color: white;\n  margin-top: 50px;\n  background-image: url(\"\/wp-content\/themes\/sciencenews\/client\/src\/images\/cta-module@2x.jpg\");\n  padding: 20px;\n  clear: both;\n}\n\n]]><\/style>\n\n\n\n                        <style class=\"is-layout-flow 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unset);line-height:unset;margin:unset;padding:unset;border:unset;background:unset;&:hover, &:focus-visible {\n            border: unset;\n            background: unset;\n        }}.zephr-form-disabled-div{pointer-events:none;opacity:0.8}.zephr-form-relative-container{position:relative}.zephr-form-flex-container{display:flex}.zephr-form-input-inner-button{cursor:pointer;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);right:5px;padding:10px 5px}.zephr-form-input-inner-text{color:var(--zephr-color-text-main);font-size:var(--zf-subtext-fontSize);font-weight:bold;font-family:var(--zf-root-fontFamily)}\n]]><\/style>\n                        \n                        <style><![CDATA[.zephr-form-max-width.zephr-payment-form-max-width {\n    background-image: url(https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/themes\/sciencenews\/client\/src\/images\/cta-module@2x.jpg);\n    padding:20px;\n    max-width: 100%;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-custom-text > p {\n    display: none;\n}\n\nform.zephr-form-content {\n    opacity: .9;\n}\n\nlabel.zephr-form-checkbox-label {\n    font-size: 1.2rem;\n    font-weight: bolder;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-custom-text > h4 {\n    color: black !important;\n}\n\nbutton.zephr-form-button {\n    background: #d4441f !important;\n    font-weight: bold !important;\n    text-transform: uppercase !important;\n}\n\nlabel.zephr-payment-form-checkbox-label {\n    color: white;\n    font-size: 1.6rem;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-content {\n    background:#2f537f;\n    \n}\n\n.zephr-payment-form-custom-text {\n    margin-top: .2rem;\n}\n\n.zephr-payment-form-checkbox-label {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    font-family: var(--zephr-typography-body-font), var(--zephr-typography-body-fallbackFont);\n    color: white;\n    font-weight: bold;\n}]]><\/style>\n                        \n                        \n<\/aside>\n\n\n<p>\u201c[The findings] really build into an emerging picture that it\u2019s a bit more nuanced of an extinction than we previously had appreciated,\u201d says Erik Gulbranson, a sedimentary geochemist at Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter, Minn., who was not involved with the new study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers have wondered why the Great Dying that played out at the border of the Permian and Triassic periods was so brutal for life on Earth. \u201cWe\u2019ve got this intense global warming, but we have other episodes of global warming in the geological record that don\u2019t do anything nearly as bad to ecosystems as this,\u201d says paleontologist David Bond at the University of Hull in England.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While a sharp increase in sea surface temperature plus the resulting collapse in the warmer ocean\u2019s ability to hold dissolved oxygen would have been abysmal for ocean organisms, it wasn\u2019t clear what drove the extinction of life on land or why these organisms couldn\u2019t just move to the cooler poles.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part of the answer may lie in much shorter-term oscillations in paleoclimate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cSpecies care about climate, but what they also really care about is weather,\u201d says Alexander Farnsworth, a paleoclimate modeler at the University of Bristol in England. Such variations include climate wobbles on the scale of years rather than hundreds of millennia or more.\u00a0For instance, today\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/climate-teleconnections-droughts-fires\">El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation<\/a> \u2014 a periodic warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean that brings heat and aridity to northern North America, dampens the Atlantic hurricane season, and induces droughts and floods globally \u2014 lasts roughly a year (<em>SN: 2\/13\/23<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Farnsworth, Bond and an international team of colleagues reconstructed what these climate patterns looked like more than 250 million years ago. The team calculated seawater temperatures using ratios of different forms of oxygen in the fossilized teeth of conodonts, ancient fishlike animals. With this data plus newly updated computer simulations of Earth\u2019s atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns, the team produced a more cohesive picture of climate during the Great Dying. This was aided, says Farnsworth, by a newer, more precise understanding of what continents and ocean basins looked like at the end of the Permian, which influences global atmospheric and ocean circulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3143643\">This animation shows monthly average surface temperature (in Celsius) across the globe during the hottest period of the mass extinction crisis at the end of the Permian Period about 252 million years ago. Large areas of the Earth experienced temperatures of at least 40\u00b0C for much of the year.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3143643\">Alex Farnsworth\/Univ. of Bristol<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>When carbon dioxide levels initially doubled from about 410 to 860 parts per million and global temperatures rose, the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013like warming spells originating mostly over the late Permian\u2019s giant ocean, Panthalassia, grew more intense, the team found. (In comparison, <a href=\"https:\/\/gml.noaa.gov\/ccgg\/trends\/monthly.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">current CO\u2082 levels<\/a> are hovering around 422 ppm.) Over time, the swings lengthened too, sometimes stretching for nearly a decade.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The effects of these mega El Ni\u00f1os would have quickly been too much for land organisms to bear. As carbon dioxide\u2013gobbling forests baked and died back, fewer greenhouse gases were pulled out of the atmosphere, says Farnsworth, creating a self-perpetuating cycle as volcanoes continued to pump out the warming gases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYou get more warming, more vegetation die-off, stronger El Ni\u00f1os, higher temperatures globally, higher weather extremes again, leading to more die-off,\u201d says Farnsworth. Large swaths of the globe would have lurched from broiling heat, drought and fire to dramatic flooding.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image  has-alignleft\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline2.jpg?resize=680%2C510&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"A squarish chunk of land has a pattern that indicates a parched, cracked landscape.\" class=\"wp-image-3143644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline2.jpg?w=680&amp;ssl=1 680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline2.jpg?resize=511%2C383&amp;ssl=1 511w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline2.jpg?resize=600%2C450&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline2.jpg?resize=248%2C186&amp;ssl=1 248w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline2.jpg?resize=263%2C197&amp;ssl=1 263w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline2.jpg?resize=560%2C420&amp;ssl=1 560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3143644\">This preserved piece of parched and cracked land surface would have been a common sight at the end of the Permian Period around 252 million years ago, as widespread extreme heat and drought devastated Earth\u2019s species.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3143644\">Paul Wignall\/Univ. of Leeds<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The heat eventually invaded higher latitudes, leaving few places to escape an increasingly hostile atmosphere.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt became very hot everywhere, and that\u2019s why [species] couldn\u2019t simply migrate north and south,\u201d Bond says.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>In the end, many species simply couldn\u2019t adapt to this climate roller coaster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that the findings paint a higher-resolution picture of just how warming precipitated a mass extinction at the end of the Permian, there may be a way to see these rapid climate fluctuations in the fossil record itself. Gulbranson points out that annual records preserved in fossil cave stalactites and tree rings might show evidence of the mega El Ni\u00f1os.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe need to track down these signals in the fossil record. We need to see them in the organisms that lived and went through the extinction,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Going forward, Bond is curious about what innate physical and ecosystem features made certain periods in Earth\u2019s history more resilient to calamity from climate chaos, and others more vulnerable to mass extinction.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/mega-el-ninos-mass-extinction\">Source link <\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A barrage of intense, wild swings in climate conditions may have fueled the largest mass extinction in Earth\u2019s history. A re-creation of how ancient sea surface temperatures, ocean and atmosphere circulation, and landmasses interacted revealed an Earth plagued by nearly decade-long stints of droughts, wildfires and flooding. Researchers knew that a spike in global temperatures [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":133845,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/091224_jb_great-dying_inline1.gif?resize=680%2C481&ssl=1","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[606],"tags":[6224,52364,7609,10602,107326,2306,5750],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133844"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=133844"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133844\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":133846,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133844\/revisions\/133846"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/133845"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=133844"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=133844"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=133844"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}