{"id":164676,"date":"2024-10-30T14:09:07","date_gmt":"2024-10-30T14:09:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/10\/30\/using-ai-historians-track-how-astronomy-ideas-spread-in-the-16th-century\/"},"modified":"2024-10-30T14:09:08","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T14:09:08","slug":"using-ai-historians-track-how-astronomy-ideas-spread-in-the-16th-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/10\/30\/using-ai-historians-track-how-astronomy-ideas-spread-in-the-16th-century\/","title":{"rendered":"Using AI, historians track how astronomy ideas spread in the 16th century"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:center\"><\/div> \r\n<br><div data-component=\"video-embed\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n<p>Historians working with an artificial intelligence assistant have begun tracking the spread of astronomical thinking across Europe in the early 1500s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The analysis contributes to challenging the \u201clone genius\u201d idea of scientific revolutions. Instead, it shows that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.adj1719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">knowledge about the positions of the stars was widespread<\/a> and used in a variety of disciplines, researchers report October 23 in <em>Science Advances<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe can see here the first formation of a proto-international scientific community,\u201d says computational historian Matteo Valleriani of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin.<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<style><![CDATA[<![CDATA[\n.email-conversion {\n  border: 1px solid #ffcccb;\n  color: white;\n  margin-top: 50px;\n  background-image: url(\"\/wp-content\/themes\/sciencenews\/client\/src\/images\/cta-module@2x.jpg\");\n  padding: 20px;\n  clear: both;\n}\n\n]]]]><![CDATA[>]]><\/style>\n\n\n\n                        <style class=\"is-layout-flow 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published from 1472, less than 20 years after the first printing of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/chemical-analysis-deciphers-biblical-palette\">Gutenberg Bible<\/a>, to 1650 <em>(SN: 5\/31\/05)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These textbooks were used to teach introductory classes on geocentric astronomy \u2014 the view of the cosmos that places Earth at the center and moves outward in sequential spheres. Knowledge of the positions of the stars was thought to be important for studying everything from medicine to Greek and Latin poetry, so intro astronomy classes were mandatory for all students. Among other things, students learned to use the position of the sun in the constellations of the zodiac to figure out the date of an event that happened in antiquity, before standardized calendars were common.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Studying these past texts can give historians an idea of the background knowledge most educated people had about the universe and how that understanding changed over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\" data-component=\"lightbox\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3145476\">Researchers trained an AI to recognize varied writing and drawings that were not part of astronomical tables in historical textbooks.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3145476\">O. Eberle <em>et al\/Science Advances<\/em> 2024<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The dataset included 76,000 pages of text, images and numerical tables, many with different fonts, formats and layouts. A historian might be able to analyze a handful of books in a single career. But Valleriani and colleagues wanted to study all of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhat we wanted to know, in general, is what the students were learning in astronomy over these 180 years and all over Europe,\u201d Valleriani says. \u201cThis was humanly impossible.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The team used machine learning to identify 10,000 separate numerical tables in the textbooks. Next, they trained an AI model to recognize individual numbers in the tables. \u201cThis was extremely hard, because the tables are not formatted in the same way,\u201d says physicist and machine learning expert Klaus-Robert M\u00fcller of the Technical University of Berlin. \u201cEverything is quite a mess.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the AI had extracted all the numbers, it compared the different tables one by one and highlighted similarities and differences. For example, some textbooks were basically reprints of an earlier edition, and their tables were almost identical. Others introduced new ideas or new ways to use astronomical data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The AI couldn\u2019t tell the researchers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/ai-train-creative-human-intuition\">what those similarities and differences meant<\/a> <em>(SN: 8\/2\/24)<\/em>. But it could give them a place to look for trends or moments of change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s moving from AI being used as a tool, to help do something I preconceived, to using AI as a team member, suggesting new solutions that I couldn\u2019t see,\u201d Valleriani says.<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-elements-27c40654034fbeecef6418d6adfe0794\" style=\"color:gray; margin-bottom:0px; font-size:.9rem;\">Sponsor Message<\/p>\n<!-- Tag ID: sciencenews-org_leaderboard_incontent -->\n\n<\/aside>\n\n\n<p>A common story about astronomy in this time period is that individual heroes of science, like Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, shook the world by showing that Earth is not the center of the universe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But historians of science have been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/historian-puts-new-spin-scientific-revolution\">moving away from the idea<\/a> that science is driven by such lone geniuses making big discoveries <em>(SN: 3\/5\/16)<\/em>. Those discoveries had social, political and cultural contexts, and they had to be disseminated into the wider culture somehow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen you deal with the scientific revolution, the triumph of the Copernican worldview, we know the big names,\u201d says computational scientist J\u00fcrgen Renn of the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology in Jena, Germany, who was not involved in the new work. \u201cBut in Europe, this was a broad movement. There were many participants.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the team\u2019s major findings is that textbooks printed in Wittenberg, Germany, in the 1530s were widely imitated elsewhere in Europe. Similar books that were sold in cities with bigger markets, like Paris and Venice, created a new, homogeneous approach to astronomy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Valleriani finds this ironic. Wittenberg is best known for being the city where Martin Luther kick-started the Protestant Reformation, which split a new branch of Christianity off from the Catholic church.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt sounds paradoxical,\u201d Valleriani says. \u201cWhile Wittenberg and the Protestant Reformation was dividing Europe \u2026 and creating the background against which wars came out, at the same time, Wittenberg was able to develop a scientific approach at the educational level that was in truth taken over everywhere.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\" data-component=\"lightbox\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"519\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/102824-lg-AI-and-astronomy-inline2.jpg?resize=680%2C519&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"An old-timey map of the world is dominated by two circles, each showing half of the globe. It is surrounded by illustrations including drawings of the sun and portraits of people. The map is titled A New and Accurate Map of the World.\" class=\"wp-image-3145477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/102824-lg-AI-and-astronomy-inline2.jpg?w=680&amp;ssl=1 680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/102824-lg-AI-and-astronomy-inline2.jpg?resize=502%2C383&amp;ssl=1 502w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/102824-lg-AI-and-astronomy-inline2.jpg?resize=590%2C450&amp;ssl=1 590w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/102824-lg-AI-and-astronomy-inline2.jpg?resize=244%2C186&amp;ssl=1 244w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3145477\">Maps of the ancient world used to divide the continents into seven climate zones that were fit for human habitation. As exploratory voyages expanded Europeans\u2019 views of the globe, these climate zones expanded to nine and eventually to 24. Studies using AI showed how maps like these changed over time. For instance, this map from 1626 includes the whole Earth, but only explicitly mentions nine climate zones.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3145477\">Stanford University<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>There are limitations to this kind of research, the team points out. Historical data are always incomplete, and historians have to choose a subset of that data to focus on. AI can\u2019t account for that sort of selection bias. Human historians must always be part of the process, the researchers stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This work \u201cshows how historians can in the future deal with artificial intelligence methods, and cleverly use them without this utopian or dystopian illusion that they can do the work for you,\u201d Renn says. \u201cThey\u2019re just a fantastic new tool that helps us understand history as a broad stream of human actions and human thinking, and not just a string of singular events.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/artificial-intelligence-astronomy-ai\">Source link <\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Historians working with an artificial intelligence assistant have begun tracking the spread of astronomical thinking across Europe in the early 1500s. The analysis contributes to challenging the \u201clone genius\u201d idea of scientific revolutions. Instead, it shows that knowledge about the positions of the stars was widespread and used in a variety of disciplines, researchers report [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":164677,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/102824-lg-AI-and-astronomy-inline1.jpg?resize=583%2C680&ssl=1","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[606],"tags":[80558,91651,14828,20562,13992,4521,477],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/164676"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=164676"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/164676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":164678,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/164676\/revisions\/164678"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/164677"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=164676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=164676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=164676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}