{"id":265722,"date":"2025-03-24T17:01:40","date_gmt":"2025-03-24T17:01:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/24\/buying-carbon-credits-to-fight-climate-change-heres-what-to-know\/"},"modified":"2025-03-24T17:01:40","modified_gmt":"2025-03-24T17:01:40","slug":"buying-carbon-credits-to-fight-climate-change-heres-what-to-know","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/24\/buying-carbon-credits-to-fight-climate-change-heres-what-to-know\/","title":{"rendered":"Buying carbon credits to fight climate change? Here\u2019s what to know"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-2.jpg?fit=680%2C453&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"Buying carbon credits to fight climate change? Here\u2019s what to know\" title=\"Buying carbon credits to fight climate change? Here\u2019s what to know\" \/><\/div> \r\n<br><div data-component=\"video-embed\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Taylor Swift may not be the first person who comes to mind when you think about climate change. But more than once, the singer has found herself in the middle of a media storm over her carbon di\u00adoxide emissions. Swift regularly hops aboard her private jet, as she did in 2024 to get from a concert in Tokyo to the Super Bowl in Las Vegas the next day. A spokesperson said that Swift purchases more than enough carbon credits to offset her jet-setting. But fans and haters alike want to know: Is it enough?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you travel by plane, even in less-glamorous economy, you\u2019ve probably faced a similar question. Airlines often offer passengers the option to pay a few extra dollars to offset their share of the flight\u2019s emissions. It\u2019s considered the climate-friendly thing to do. By purchasing carbon credits, you\u2019re paying someone somewhere to take some action\u2009\u2014\u2009probably saving an existing forest or perhaps planting trees\u2009\u2014\u2009that reduces total global emissions enough to cover your contribution. You can take off without a guilty conscience. 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--zf-container-bgColor: none;\n    --zf-container-maxWidth: 900px;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-input {\n    font-size: 1.5rem !important;\n    font-family: monospace !important;\n    filter: drop-shadow(black .1rem .1rem 5px);\n}\n\n.zephr-form-error-message {\n    background-color:white; \n    padding:5px; \n    font-weight:bold\n}\n\n.zephr-form-input::placeholder {\n    font-family: \"Courier New\" !important;\n    color: #999 !important;\n}]]><\/style>\n                        \n                        \n<\/aside>\n\n\n<p>Over the last few years, though, carbon credits have faced increasing scrutiny. A string of academic studies and media investigations have concluded that many credits do not represent genuine emissions savings. One investigation concluded that over 90 percent of carbon credits issued for rainforest protection by the largest carbon credit certification body \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2023\/jan\/18\/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">had no benefit to the climate<\/a>.\u201d Two reports published in 2023 found that credits for forest-based projects in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43247-023-00984-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">North America<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.ade3535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">South America, Africa and Asia<\/a> may in fact increase net emissions.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That same year, uncertainty over the validity of credits caused the voluntary carbon market to collapse; the market\u2019s value dropped by more than 60 percent. Given the current situation, \u201cit\u2019s nearly impossible to be certain that what you\u2019re buying is high integrity,\u201d says Stephen Lezak, a researcher at the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project at the University of California, Berkeley.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amid all the controversy, it\u2019s not clear what a consumer (celebrity or not) should do. To buy or not to buy? But understanding what carbon credits are, how they work and why the system has gone wrong can help.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are carbon credits?\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/climate-change-crisis-history-research-carbon-human-impact\">As concern over climate change has grown<\/a>, governments, companies, organizations and individuals have sought ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to keep the global average temperature to no more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Many are working toward net-zero goals, meaning that at some point in the future\u2009\u2014\u2009by 2050 at the latest\u2009\u2014\u2009any CO<sub>2<\/sub> emitted must be counterbalanced by eliminating emissions elsewhere or taking CO<sub>2<\/sub> out of the atmosphere.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Achieving net zero should begin with every effort to eliminate or reduce the burning of fossil fuels, the main cause of global warming, says Kaya Axelsson, head of policy and partnerships at Oxford Net Zero, a research program at the University of Oxford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Offsetting via carbon credits is another way to balance the carbon checkbook. The idea first took hold in the 1980s and picked up in the following decade. Industrialized countries that ratified the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/archive\/nations-draft-kyoto-climate-treaty\">1997 Kyoto Protocol<\/a> became part of a mandatory compliance market, in which a cap-and-trade system limited the quantity of greenhouse gases those countries could emit. An industrialized country emitting over its cap could purchase credits from another industrialized country that emitted less than its quota. Emitters could also offset CO<sub>2<\/sub> by investing in projects that reduced emissions in developing countries, which were not required to have targets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe atmosphere doesn\u2019t care where the emissions reductions happen,\u201d says Barbara Haya, director of the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3152048\">Forests naturally sequester carbon (a forest in Uruguay is shown). Some carbon projects aim to protect forests that are in danger of being cut down, which would release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3152048\">MARIANA SUAREZ\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The United States, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, is not part of any compliance market, but such markets exist within the country. California\u2019s cap-and-trade program, for one, requires the participation of about 450 businesses responsible for about 85 percent of the state\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the United Nations, countries\u2019 commitments are falling short of what\u2019s needed to reign in rising temperatures. And President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the 2015 Paris Agreement, which superseded the Kyoto Protocol. The voluntary carbon market offers a private sector alternative to compliance markets.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demand for a voluntary market took off in the early 2010s as more companies took on net-zero goals for public relations or ethical reasons, or both. One carbon credit represents one metric ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub>, either removed from the atmosphere or not emitted in the first place. Since the voluntary market\u2019s inception, some 2 billion carbon credits have been issued, equivalent to about 5 percent of global annual emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Offsetting is often cheaper than reducing, especially in cases where emissions-free options aren\u2019t readily available, such as with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/jet-fuel-sunlight-air-water-vapor-solar-kerosene\">jet fuel in the airline industry<\/a>. If the cost to directly abate one ton of emissions is $1,000, but a company can buy a credit for much less, offsetting may make more sense, and cents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Credits for removing CO<sub>2<\/sub> are usually straightforward, Lezak says. Whether it\u2019s sucked from the air and stored underground or stashed in coastlines through mangrove restoration, \u201cyou can usually point to it [and] say, I took it out of the atmosphere,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/gspp.berkeley.edu\/research-and-impact\/centers\/cepp\/projects\/berkeley-carbon-trading-project\/offsets-database\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Berkeley Carbon Trading Project\u2019s Voluntary Registry Offsets Database<\/a>, only about 4 percent of carbon credits in the voluntary market come from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/powdered-rock-help-slow-climate-change\">pure removals projects<\/a>. The other 96 percent come from projects that claim to reduce or avoid emissions. They might limit methane released from landfills or swap solar panels in for fossil fuel\u2013based power. The largest component of credits comes from avoided deforestation, in which forests that probably would have been felled are instead preserved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How are carbon credits issued?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A carbon project involving forests typically begins with a landowner who is interested in taking some offsetting action. Perhaps a farmer decides not to cut down a patch of trees for agriculture. A project developer helps the landowner turn that offsetting action into carbon credits that compensate the farmer for the lack of produce\u2009\u2014\u2009and profit. The developer works through a carbon credit certification body that\u2019s responsible for verifying the project and issuing credits. Such organizations have methodologies for calculating how much carbon will be stored and converting that amount into carbon credits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the project is implemented, the developer hires a third-party auditor approved by the certification body to sign off on the project. Only after this independent look will the certification body issue credits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignleft\"><blockquote><p>\u201cIt\u2019s nearly impossible to be certain<br\/>that what you\u2019re buying is high<br\/>integrity.\u201d<\/p><cite><strong>Stephen Lezak<\/strong><br\/>a researcher at the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>From there, the developer will often partner with a broker to find buyers. Brokers work on commission or buy credits from the developer and try to sell them at a profit.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbon credits can be bought, sold and bundled in complicated ways before they\u2019re ever used to offset emissions, Lezak says. That\u2019s the final step in the process\u2009\u2014\u2009retiring\u00a0a credit\u2009\u2014\u2009at which point it can no longer be bought and sold. Most often, when a credit is retired, it\u2019s used to offset emissions generated from a carbon-intensive activity, like flying. But a credit can also be retired without any actual offsetting.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By bundling credits that haven\u2019t been retired and selling them in packages, brokers hedge against the reality that many credits may be of low quality, Lezak says. \u201cThe pooling mechanism gives the appearance of some protection against those risks.\u201d Yet projects that go through the certification process may suffer from overcrediting, promising more emissions reductions than they can actually achieve.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The problem of additionality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For a carbon credit to be issued, emissions reductions must be additional, meaning those greenhouse gases would have been emitted if the project didn\u2019t exist. If a landowner never planned to cut down a forest to begin with, the purported reductions are nonadditional.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Correctly calculating additionality requires accurately determining the baseline, business-as-usual scenario, says Alexander Shenkin, a forest ecosystem ecologist at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff. But when baselines are incorrectly calculated, they usually result in too many credits being issued. A study published in 2023 in <em>Science<\/em>, for example, found that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/full\/10.1126\/science.ade3535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">incorrect baselines<\/a> led to carbon credits issued in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Zambia with no evidence of avoided deforestation. Forests were not at risk of being cut down, so the projects were nonadditional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some projects, Axelsson says, \u201csell four or five credits for every one ton of carbon.\u201d When a business, country or individual uses meaningless credits to counterbalance their emissions, they are not achieving neutrality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a now famous example of overcrediting reported in the <em>New Yorker<\/em>, a company hired to sell credits for a project in Zimbabwe originally calculated that the project would keep about 50 million tons of CO<sub>2<\/sub> from the atmosphere. But after implementing an approved methodology, that number jumped to some 200\u202fmillion credits to be issued over the course of the project. The project was paused before all credits could be issued, but by at least one estimate, the project had 30\u202ftimes as many credits as it should have based on actual emissions savings.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-sciencenews-content-sidebar\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbon credits on the voluntary market<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As of the end of 2024, 2.2 billion carbon credits have been issued on the voluntary market. Nearly 70 percent have come from forest management and renewable energy projects. Direct emissions removal through carbon capture and storage accounts for just 1 percent.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image \"><picture class=\"sn-responsive-image\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_desktop.png?w=680&amp;ssl=1 680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_desktop.png?resize=365%2C383&amp;ssl=1 365w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_desktop.png?resize=429%2C450&amp;ssl=1 429w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_desktop.png?resize=177%2C186&amp;ssl=1 177w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_desktop.png?resize=553%2C580&amp;ssl=1 553w\" width=\"429\" height=\"450\" media=\"(min-width: 600px)\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1023px) 100vw, 680px\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?w=680&amp;ssl=1 680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=337%2C383&amp;ssl=1 337w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=396%2C450&amp;ssl=1 396w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=164%2C186&amp;ssl=1 164w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=511%2C580&amp;ssl=1 511w\" width=\"396\" height=\"450\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"graph indicating the number of carbon credits issued (in millions) on the voluntary market in 2024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?w=680&amp;ssl=1 680w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=337%2C383&amp;ssl=1 337w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=396%2C450&amp;ssl=1 396w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=164%2C186&amp;ssl=1 164w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?resize=511%2C580&amp;ssl=1 511w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1023px) 100vw, 680px\" data-attachment-id=\"3151926\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/040125_atl_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?fit=680%2C772&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"680,772\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?fit=337%2C383&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-1_mobile.png?fit=396%2C450&amp;ssl=1\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/picture><figcaption><span class=\"credit mobile-credit wp-credit-3151926\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">B.K. HAYA <\/span><\/span><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">ET AL<\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">\/VOLUNTARY REGISTRY OFFSETS DATABASE 2025&#13;\n(<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW254702902 BCX0\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW254702902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"credit desktop-credit wp-credit-3151925\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">B.K. HAYA <\/span><\/span><em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">ET AL<\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">\/VOLUNTARY REGISTRY OFFSETS DATABASE 2025&#13;\n(<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW254702902 BCX0\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254702902 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW254702902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2004334117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Excess credits undercut the price of legitimate ones<\/a>, according to a paper published in 2020 in the<em> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>. When demand was high for carbon credits, as it was before 2023, the price per credit should have been high. But with a large supply of poor-quality credits flooding the market, the price stayed relatively low.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to S&amp;P Global, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodity-insights\/en\/news-research\/latest-news\/energy-transition\/010524-price-slump-in-2023-clouds-outlook-for-voluntary-carbon-market\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the price of nature-based avoidance credits<\/a> went from $11.50 per ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub> to just $3.50 over the course of 2023. In contrast, technological carbon capture credits hovered around $120 per ton of CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Third-party auditors can\u2019t do much to improve projects, says former auditor Thales West, a forest scientist at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and lead author of the papers in <em>Science<\/em> and <em>PNAS<\/em>. \u201cAll I\u2019m doing is checking the boxes that are related to the rules.\u2026 I wouldn\u2019t have the power to say: You\u2019re not going to get the certification.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More credits mean more money for the developer. Plus, the certification body gets paid per credit issued, so there\u2019s an incentive to issue more credits. And because the developer pays the auditor, \u201cthere is a financial incentive for the auditor to sign off,\u201d says Elias Ayrey, cofounder of Renoster, a start-up that independently scores the quality of carbon projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If an auditor approves a project, they\u2019re more likely to get hired again, says Libby Blanchard, a political ecologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. \u201cIf there\u2019s some way to make the auditing process more independent and less tied to the outcome that the auditor provides, we would have a much better and transparent market.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Problems of leakage and permanence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Another dilemma is that carbon credits often ignore the interconnectedness of the world; actions in one place affect what happens elsewhere. If a rancher chooses not to turn forest into lucrative cattle-grazing land, that action is additional and seems to be deserving of carbon credits. But if the demand for the beef remains, deforestation might just happen elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cLeakage happens when supply is restricted, but demand is unchanged,\u201d Lezak says. An article in <em>Climate Policy <\/em>in 2021 illustrates the point. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14693062.2021.1920363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Deforestation shifted from Brazil\u2019s Amazon to the less-regulated Cerrado<\/a>\u2009\u2014\u2009<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/amazon-tipping-trouble-climate-cerrado\">an incredibly biodiverse tropical savanna<\/a>\u2009\u2014\u2009after Brazil adopted the Amazon Soy Moratorium. Under the moratorium, established in 2006, soybean traders agreed not to purchase soy grown from newly deforested Amazon lands. However, the moratorium led to <a href=\"https:\/\/le.uwpress.org\/content\/97\/1\/155.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a 31 percent increase in soy production in the Cerrado<\/a>. Deforestation there rose by an estimated 13 percent.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbon projects, Lezak says, should be additional while also decreasing demand. Providing someone who cooks over an open fire with a fuel-efficient cookstove, for example, reduces emissions thanks to the increased energy efficiency. It also reduces local demand for wood, meaning less deforestation, without shifting demand elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But even those projects may result in overcrediting, depending on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41893-023-01259-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">how the emissions savings are calculated<\/a> and how long and often the cookstoves are used. Because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/climate-environment\/2024\/08\/24\/carbon-credits-cook-stoves-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a project in Mozambique<\/a> used stoves that couldn\u2019t withstand rain, for instance, the stoves were largely abandoned earlier than expected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-sciencenews-content-sidebar\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What can go wrong?\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbon credit projects can fail to achieve offsetting for a number of reasons.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nonadditionality<\/strong><br\/>A carbon credit must be additional \u2014 the greenhouse gases would have been emitted if the project didn\u2019t exist. If a protected forest, for example, was never in jeopardy of deforestation, the carbon credit isn\u2019t preventing any emissions.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inaccurate baseline<\/strong><br\/>If a project\u2019s emissions savings are incorrectly calculated, more credits may be issued than the project will actually offset.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Leakage<\/strong><br\/>A project should not increase the demand for an emitting activity. If a cattle rancher preserves forest but trees elsewhere are instead cleared for grazing land, there is no emissions reduction.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>No permanence<\/strong><br\/>Unforeseen circumstances, say, a wildfire in a protected forest, could cause a project to lose the carbon it has stored or removed, reversing the benefit.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Issues of permanence\u2009\u2014\u2009project longevity\u2009\u2014\u2009can also plague forest projects. Though they are designed to store carbon for a century, the projects are prone to wildfires, disease and illegal logging. \u201cIf that forest doesn\u2019t last for 100 years,\u201d Blanchard says, \u201cthat carbon was only temporarily sequestered.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Developers are supposed to check on the forests every five years or so. \u201cBut if something has gone terribly wrong,\u201d Ayrey says, \u201cthe developer isn\u2019t going\u2009\u2026\u2009to report that.\u201d The result: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.renoster.co\/resource\/zombie-credits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201czombie\u201d credits from failed projects<\/a> that are used for offsetting.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The major certification bodies require some portion of credits issued for each carbon project be set aside and held in a buffer pool to function as a kind of insurance in case of catastrophe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/forests-and-global-change\/articles\/10.3389\/ffgc.2022.930426\/full?2ac0f94c_page=8&amp;2ac0f94c_page=8&amp;3caa887c_page=2&amp;3caa887c_page=2&amp;454b5589_page=2&amp;454b5589_page=2&amp;70ef0ed6_page=2&amp;70ef0ed6_page=2&amp;9946fc1c_page=2&amp;a164dd5d_page=2&amp;a164dd5d_page=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">buffer pools may be too small<\/a>, as demonstrated in a 2022 study in <em>Frontiers in<\/em> <em>Forests and Global Change<\/em>. Looking at California\u2019s forest carbon offsets, researchers found that wildfires had depleted nearly one-fifth of the buffer pool in less than a decade. When also accounting for disease, the scientists concluded that the buffer pool isn\u2019t likely to guarantee the integrity of California\u2019s offsets program for the requisite century. Plus, because greenhouses gases can last in the atmosphere for thousands of years, some experts argue that the century standard is not long enough anyway.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to improve the voluntary carbon market\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Government regulation of the voluntary carbon market could help ensure that carbon credits meet a standard quality, Ayrey says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regulation could also help with transparency. Each certification body has its own registry. \u201cYou know what credits have been issued, and then the next thing you know is who\u2019s retired them, but you don\u2019t know how many times the credits were bought and sold, and by whom,\u201d Haya says. Along the way, she says, \u201cyou don\u2019t know anything about prices.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In September, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission adopted its first guidelines for the voluntary carbon market. Though guidelines do not have the same leverage as regulations, the guidelines were instrumental in bringing fraud charges against the U.S.-based developers of the Mozambique cookstove project. However, it is unclear how much of a role the government will play in more rigorously regulating the market.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For forest projects, remote-sensing technologies, which can quickly image forests in and around projects to better determine baselines, could improve transparency. Because monitoring can be monthly, weekly or even daily, satellites can also keep an eye out for leakage and permanence problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Independent companies that rate carbon credits are springing up to do this kind of eyes-in-the-sky work. Buyers looking to purchase high-quality credits can pay start-ups like Renoster to assess projects.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignleft has-text-align-left\"><blockquote><p>\u201cThe atmosphere doesn\u2019t care where the emissions reductions happen.\u201d<\/p><cite><strong>Barbara Haya<\/strong><br\/>director of the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Some companies have stopped bothering with offsetting and started focusing on reducing the emissions they can control. These companies don\u2019t want to buy low-quality credits, Lezak says. They also don\u2019t want the PR backlash\u2009\u2014\u2009or even lawsuits\u2009\u2014\u2009that can come with false claims of neutrality, Shenkin notes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Blanchard and colleagues argued last year in <em>One Earth <\/em>that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/one-earth\/abstract\/S2590-3322(24)00298-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">credits based on emissions offsets is not a good system<\/a>. Participants need to recognize that, in the market\u2019s current state, \u201cwe\u2019re not truly reducing our emissions,\u201d Blanchard says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The researchers envision a framework in which offset projects are reframed as climate mitigation projects. Companies or individuals may buy carbon credits or otherwise donate to projects. But \u201cinstead of claiming that you\u2019re offsetting your emissions, you\u2019re claiming that you\u2019re contributing to global climate mitigation,\u201d Blanchard says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This scheme would eliminate the need for brokers and other middlemen. And it would preserve many of the co-benefits that stem from some of these projects. Many forest projects, for example, double as conservation efforts that maintain air quality and biodiversity. Some projects, Ayrey says, also return some revenue to people who live in or near the forests.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because funding is coming mostly from industrialized countries, the carbon market can bring in conservation funds to developing countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Without the market, \u201cthere\u2019s one fewer way that we have to conserve these forests,\u201d Shenkin\u00a0says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, though, the market must shift toward <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/ocean-carbon-removal-climate-change\">removal-based technologies<\/a>, Axelsson says, and encourage investment in new technologies for carbon capture and long-term storage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So, should you buy carbon credits to offset airlines emissions?\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When it comes to buying carbon credits through an airline, Axelsson says she sometimes clicks \u201cyes\u201d as a signal that people do care about climate change\u2009\u2014\u2009and demand action. \u201cBut I click \u2018yes\u2019 knowing that that\u2019s not an offset,\u201d she says.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another option is to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/climate-change-actions-reduce-carbon-footprint\">estimate your emissions<\/a> and support carbon projects on your own. An internet search will often reveal scandals, Ayrey says, and thus projects to avoid. Renoster also makes its reports public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can also vet companies based on whether they\u2019re moving toward mitigation strategies that reduce their carbon footprint. The <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencebasedtargets.org\/target-dashboard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Science Based Targets initiative dashboard<\/a> captures what companies around the world have pledged to do.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the end, if individuals want to reduce their carbon footprints, changing behavior will have a bigger impact than buying carbon credits, West argues. \u201cYou have to fly less, consume less meat, use bikes more.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Blanchard agrees. Permanently reducing your emissions, she says, \u201cis way more meaningful.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/carbon-credits-climate-change-emissions\">Source link <\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Taylor Swift may not be the first person who comes to mind when you think about climate change. But more than once, the singer has found herself in the middle of a media storm over her carbon di\u00adoxide emissions. Swift regularly hops aboard her private jet, as she did in 2024 to get from a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":265723,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/040125_ATL_carbon-credit_inline-2.jpg?fit=680%2C453&ssl=1","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[606],"tags":[10254,783,487,486,11518,4822,671],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/265722"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=265722"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/265722\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":265724,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/265722\/revisions\/265724"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/265723"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=265722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=265722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=265722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}