{"id":268955,"date":"2025-03-28T15:00:36","date_gmt":"2025-03-28T15:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/28\/woolly-mice-were-just-a-start-de-extinction-still-faces-many-hurdles\/"},"modified":"2025-03-28T15:00:36","modified_gmt":"2025-03-28T15:00:36","slug":"woolly-mice-were-just-a-start-de-extinction-still-faces-many-hurdles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/28\/woolly-mice-were-just-a-start-de-extinction-still-faces-many-hurdles\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8216;Woolly mice&#8217; were just a start. De-extinction still faces many hurdles"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/031725_jb_wooly-mice_feat.jpg?fit=800%2C450&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"&#8216;Woolly mice&#8217; were just a start. De-extinction still faces many hurdles\" title=\"&#8216;Woolly mice&#8217; were just a start. De-extinction still faces many hurdles\" \/><\/div> \r\n<br><br><div data-component=\"video-embed\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n<p>Scientists working to unlock the secrets of de-extinction recently announced what they say is a turning point for the movement: the creation of transgenic mice with long, luxurious golden locks of tufted fur inspired by the coats of woolly mammoths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They\u2019re called Colossal woolly mice. And yes, they are cute to boot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Transgenic mice \u2014 those that have had their genomes altered through genetic engineering \u2014 are not new. But what\u2019s novel is the ability to engineer eight edits across seven genes and to do so simultaneously in one animal. The researchers also note that across three experiments, each of which used different combinations of edits, the method worked with high efficiency, resulting in living animals that presented the traits they were bred for.<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<style><![CDATA[\n.email-conversion {\n  border: 1px solid #ffcccb;\n  color: white;\n  margin-top: 50px;\n  background-image: url(\"\/wp-content\/themes\/sciencenews\/client\/src\/images\/cta-module@2x.jpg\");\n  padding: 20px;\n  clear: both;\n}\n\n]]><\/style>\n\n\n\n                        <style class=\"is-layout-flow 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5px}.zephr-form-input-inner-text{color:var(--zephr-color-text-main);font-size:var(--zf-subtext-fontSize);font-weight:bold;font-family:var(--zf-root-fontFamily)}\n]]><\/style>\n                        \n                        <style><![CDATA[label {\n    display: none !important;\n}\n\n#coppa {\n    font-size: 10px;\n    font-weight: normal;\n    color: white;\n    padding: 10px;\n}\n\n#coppa>a {\n    color: white !important;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-button {\n    background-color: #d4441f !important;\n    text-transform: uppercase !important;\n    font-weight: 900 !important;\n    letter-spacing: 0.075em;\n    font-size: 1.2em !important;\n    border: 2px solid black !important;\n}\n\n.zephr-form {\n    border: 1px solid #ffcccb;\n    background-size: cover;\n    background-position: left top;\n    background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/cta_background_webb-tarantula-neb.jpg\");\n    padding: 20px;\n    padding-top: 40px;\n}\n\n.zephr-form {\n    --zf-container-bgColor: none;\n    --zf-container-maxWidth: 900px;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-input {\n    font-size: 1.5rem !important;\n    font-family: monospace !important;\n    filter: drop-shadow(black .1rem .1rem 5px);\n}\n\n.zephr-form-error-message {\n    background-color:white; \n    padding:5px; \n    font-weight:bold\n}\n\n.zephr-form-input::placeholder {\n    font-family: \"Courier New\" !important;\n    color: #999 !important;\n}]]><\/style>\n                        \n                        \n<\/aside>\n\n\n<p>In other words, the scientists have shown not only that they can make woolly mice, but also that they can do so reliably and repeatedly \u2014 a necessity for the project\u2019s next steps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThat\u2019s been overlooked [in the immediate aftermath of the announcement] as far as how actually big of a deal that is in genetic engineering,\u201d says Beth Shapiro, chief science officer at Colossal Biosciences in Dallas. She and her colleagues <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2025.03.03.641227v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described the team\u2019s findings<\/a> in a paper posted March 4 at bioRxiv.org.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In all, the team created 32 woolly mice, each of which varied slightly in appearance, but reflected the traits the scientists predicted. Shapiro says there were no misfires or surprises in the lot. \u201cOther than that they were so absurdly adorable,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But what do a few extra-furry mice have to do with bringing mammoths back from extinction? That part is a little more complicated and has led to misunderstandings since the findings were announced. For instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2025\/03\/04\/science\/woolly-mammoths-one-step-closer-to-de-extinction-thanks-to-woolly-mice-created-by-biotech-firm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the <em>New York Post<\/em> described the woolly mouse as a new species<\/a> \u2014 it isn\u2019t \u2014 and one post on X with millions of views stated that the scientists <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/IsleyResistance\/status\/1896986526585913353\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cspliced woolly mammoth genes into mice,\u201d<\/a> which is also not true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe did not want to take elephant genes and shove them into a mouse,\u201d Shapiro says, \u201cbecause that wouldn\u2019t make any sense.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So what is a woolly mouse, exactly?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To create the woolly mouse, scientists analyzed the genetic instructions, or genomes, of 121 mammoth and elephant samples to identify genes that may have given woolly mammoths some of their characteristic traits. These include longer, thicker, golden hair, as well as genes associated with lipid metabolism and fatty acid absorption for a life spent in the bitter cold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe can do a lot with the mammoth genomes we have. We can line them up on a computer and compare them to elephant genomes and ask where all the mammoths are the same as each other but different from their elephant cousins,\u201d says Shapiro, who is also an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using these hints about what makes a mammoth a mammoth, the scientists searched for similar traits in mice, either naturally occurring or achievable through genetic engineering. Mice are much easier to work with than elephants, of course. The tiny rodents require little space, breed quickly and have already been extensively studied with regards to their genetics. For instance, scientists have known since 1994 that if you turn off the <em>FGF5<\/em> gene, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7923352\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mice will grow much longer hair than usual<\/a>. Similarly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/genetics\/articles\/10.3389\/fgene.2016.00095\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a gene known as <em>Mc1r<\/em> makes mice blond<\/a>, while <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.0402802101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Frzd6<\/em> makes that hair whorly and frizzled<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The final step was transforming edited embryos into living, breathing, gloriously furred mice.<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-elements-27c40654034fbeecef6418d6adfe0794\" style=\"color:gray; margin-bottom:0px; font-size:.9rem;\">Sponsor Message<\/p>\n<!-- Tag ID: sciencenews-org_leaderboard_incontent -->\n\n<\/aside>\n\n\n<p>\u201cOf course, mice are not elephants, which people have helpfully pointed out to us, as if we didn\u2019t know that,\u201d says Shapiro, referring to some common critiques her team has received.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is why, she says, the woolly mice are just one part of the de-extinction goal. Colossal Biosciences, founded in 2021, has also been experimenting directly with Asian elephant cells, because that species is most closely related to extinct woolly mammoths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another arm of research focuses on the artificial reproductive techniques necessary to implant a genetically modified elephant embryo into a living elephant and then bring that animal to term. Similarly, the scientists are also working on de-extinction projects for the dodo and a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/first-time-decode-rna-extinct-animal-tasmanian\">wolflike marsupial known as the thylacine<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAll of this work is happening simultaneously,\u201d Shapiro says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">We can\u2019t just clone woolly mammoths<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Jacquelyn Gill, an ice age ecologist at the University of Maine in Orono, does not hide her excitement about the idea of seeing a woolly mammoth in person one day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI understand why someone would be compelled to see a mammoth,\u201d Gill says. \u201cI\u2019ve never seen my study system in person, right? It only exists in my mind\u2019s eye, because I study a past that is gone.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nor does she reject the idea of de-extinction outright. In fact, Gill says, \u201cthe science of de-extinction is exciting and has broad applications.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, she is skeptical that what Colossal Biosciences is pursuing will qualify as bringing a woolly mammoth back from the dead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For starters, despite the discovery of many <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/drying-woolly-mammoth-dna-3d-glass\">well-preserved mammoth remains<\/a> in permafrost \u2014some complete with fur, muscles and skin \u2014 thousands of years buried in ice have destroyed every cell. This degradation means researchers cannot clone a mammoth, as has already been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/dolly-sheeps-cloned-sisters-aging-gracefully\">achieved in sheep<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThat\u2019s a whole pathway to cloning that is cut off from us,\u201d Gill says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While gene editing may allow altering an Asian elephant in ways that superficially resemble a woolly mammoth, any attempt to do so will probably miss innumerable genetic flourishes that made woolly mammoths a unique species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cA mammoth is not an elephant in a fur coat,\u201d says Tori Herridge, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Sheffield in England.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Skepticism about bringing back woolly mammoths abounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While Herridge finds the candidate genes for mammoth fur types and cold adaptation \u201creally exciting and interesting,\u201d she cautions that we still don\u2019t know \u201cwhat makes a mammoth a mammoth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe all know that genes are complicated,\u201d Herridge says. \u201cOne gene can affect many things, and many genes can act in concert.\u201d Furthermore, she says, researchers don\u2019t yet know if the genes used to dictate hair length, texture or color in the woolly mice will produce the same effects in Asian elephants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some troubleshooting can be done in the lab, Shapiro says. For instance, the team is already growing elephant cells in cultures and then testing how those cells respond to things like changes in gene expression. This allows Colossal to learn more about which genes to target without having to grow or experiment on a whole elephant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The team has also already created <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2024.03.05.583606v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elephant pluripotent stem cells<\/a>, which could potentially be used to create any kind of cell \u2014 a crucial step toward assisted reproduction and the ultimate goal of implanting a transgenic elephant embryo into a living host.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Complicating this step is the fact that Asian elephant gestation can last up to about 22 months, meaning the process to create just one transgenic elephant will take significantly longer than that of woolly mice, which are pregnant for just 18 to 21 days. Moreover, Asian elephants are classified as <a href=\"https:\/\/iucn.org\/story\/202402\/elephant-range-states-southeast-asia-review-implementation-cites-mike-programme-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">endangered<\/a> by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which will probably restrict how this process unfolds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even assuming that all of this will one day be possible, and in numbers sufficient to create a viable woolly mammoth\u2013like herd, other questions remain. For instance, scientists have shown that modern-day elephants are complex animals with established social and cultural knowledge that gets passed down through generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYou can\u2019t teach a transgenic elephant how to be a woolly mammoth,\u201d Gill says.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/when-flowers-died-out-arctic-so-did-mammoths\">habitat that mammoths once roamed has changed quite a bit<\/a> since the Pleistocene epoch, which ended 11,700 years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Back then, the tundra would have been covered in life, Gill says, much like today\u2019s Serengeti. Scientists call this biome, once the most widespread on earth, the mammoth steppe. But modern day ecosystems in those northerly regions are less productive and diverse, Gill says. Interestingly, this may have occurred because mammoths were keystone species that changed their environment. The mammoths <em>made<\/em> the mammoth steppe, in other words. And when mammoths disappeared, the ecosystem disappeared with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But if mammoths made an ecosystem once, perhaps they could do it again. De-extincted mammoths could, in theory, reengineer an ecosystem in ways beneficial to them, Gill says. And that theoretical capability is key to one of Colossal Bioscience\u2019s goals: Bring back herds of mammoths that will stamp down permafrost and help <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/ipcc-how-climate-change-already-altering-oceans-ice-future\">keep carbon stored in the ground<\/a>, protecting against further climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe problem is we don\u2019t actually know if that\u2019s possible,\u201d Gill says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Woolly mammoth calves on the ground by 2028?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For her part, Shapiro acknowledges the legitimate criticisms of Colossal Biosciences\u2019 goals but remains optimistic about the future. In fact, one of the company\u2019s other projects might succeed first: Bringing back <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/bones-reveal-what-it-was-grow-dodo\">the dodo<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After all, while bird genetics present their own litany of challenges, there\u2019s a lot to be said for an animal that requires an egg rather than a surrogate mother, she quips.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And while Colossal Biosciences\u2019 founder, Ben Lamm, has stated that he wants to see woolly mammoth calves on the ground by 2028, Shapiro has always stressed that genetics is just one part of the equation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe will have elephant cells that are edited and ready to go in early \u201927, which is what we would need to have something on the ground in 2028,\u201d Shapiro says. \u201cBut then there\u2019s a lot of hard biology that still hasn\u2019t been solved that needs to be solved.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/wooly-mice-transgenic-mammoth\">Source link <\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientists working to unlock the secrets of de-extinction recently announced what they say is a turning point for the movement: the creation of transgenic mice with long, luxurious golden locks of tufted fur inspired by the coats of woolly mammoths. They\u2019re called Colossal woolly mice. And yes, they are cute to boot. Transgenic mice \u2014 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":268956,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/031725_jb_wooly-mice_feat.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[606],"tags":[206550,4408,1923,2081,2885,73108],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268955"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=268955"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":268957,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268955\/revisions\/268957"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/268956"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=268955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=268955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=268955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}