{"id":289189,"date":"2025-04-24T10:35:19","date_gmt":"2025-04-24T10:35:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/24\/farm-soil-can-be-a-secret-climate-superhero\/"},"modified":"2025-04-24T10:35:20","modified_gmt":"2025-04-24T10:35:20","slug":"farm-soil-can-be-a-secret-climate-superhero","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/24\/farm-soil-can-be-a-secret-climate-superhero\/","title":{"rendered":"Farm soil can be a secret climate superhero"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Annalisa_Stevenson-.jpg?ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"Farm soil can be a secret climate superhero\" title=\"Farm soil can be a secret climate superhero\" \/><\/div><p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-component=\"video-embed\">\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text alignright\"\/>\n<p>Annalisa Stevenson loves soil. Most of us ignore it as dirt. But soil is \u201cliterally the foundation of life,\u201d notes this Ph.D. student at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison. She considers it the \u201ccoolest thing to study.\u201d And she plans to make soil science her career.<\/p>\n<p>The field of soil science is especially important right now. As Earth\u2019s climate warms, our planet is experiencing more storms, fires, droughts and other disasters than in the recent past. But soil, Stevenson and others note, could be an important ally in the fight to slow climate change.<\/p>\n<p>Water and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/scientists-say-nutrient\">nutrients<\/a> \u2014 including carbon \u2014 pass through soil and the atmosphere in natural cycles. Carbon also cycles through the bodies of all living things. Through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/explainer-how-photosynthesis-works\">photosynthesis<\/a>, plants draw carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) out of the air. When a plant or animal dies and decomposes, microbes return much of its carbon to the air as CO<sub>2<\/sub> or methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>). Both are greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153976\">Annalisa Stevenson also studies urban gardens, like this one. She hopes to find out how much carbon actually gets trapped in the ground under these green spaces.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153976\">Alfred Hartemink<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<aside class=\"wp-block-sciencenews-inline-related-post alignleft\">\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/explainer-what-makes-dirt-different-soil\">Explainer: What makes dirt different from soil<\/a><\/h4>\n<\/aside>\n<p>The good news, Stevenson says, is that soil has a superpower: It can keep carbon trapped in the ground. \u201cThere\u2019s a lot of carbon there,\u201d she says. The world\u2019s soils contain nearly twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and all living plants combined.<\/p>\n<p>The bad news: Human activities have been freeing much of soil\u2019s trapped carbon. When we dig up dirt and plants or chop down trees, CO<sub>2 <\/sub>escapes. This leaves the soil less healthy. Disturbed soils also tend to release lots of methane and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O), another greenhouse gas.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"wp-block-sciencenews-inline-related-post alignleft\">\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/explainer-co2-and-other-greenhouse-gases\">Explainer: CO<sub>2<\/sub> and other greenhouse gases<\/a><\/h4>\n<\/aside>\n<p>On many farms around the world, soils have been losing their stored carbon. \u201cIt\u2019s like emptying your bank account,\u201d says Keith Paustian. He\u2019s an ecologist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. Today, most farms\u2019 soil contains <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature17174\" rel=\"noopener\">some 50 to 70 percent of the carbon that was originally there<\/a> when the land had been a natural ecosystem. Paustian, Stevenson and many other researchers would like to see farmers refill their soil\u2019s bank account. Doing so would pull some greenhouse gases from the atmosphere back into the ground.<\/p>\n<p>Soils can\u2019t suck up all the carbon released by human activities, says Paustian. We\u2019ll still need to burn less fossil fuel and make other climate-friendly changes. But improving soil, he points out, would \u201ccontribute significantly\u201d to a healthier climate.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"825\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming.png\" alt=\"a graphic showing how conventional and carbon farming differ in terms of methane emissions, nitrous oxide production and carbon dioxide storage in the soil.\" class=\"wp-image-3153970\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming.png 1440w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming-669x383.png 669w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming-785x450.png 785w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming-325x186.png 325w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming-768x440.png 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming-1012x580.png 1012w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_carbone_soil_carbon_vs_conventional_farming-1354x776.png 1354w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153970\">Greenhouse gases move between the soil and atmosphere. Plants pull in and use some CO<sub>2<\/sub> from air (downward red arrows). On a conventional farm (left), fewer greenhouse gases go into the soil than out of it (upward arrows). Regenerative farming (right) shifts that balance. The soil traps more carbon and fewer gases escape. Regenerative farming also emits less methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>, orange arrows) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2<\/sub>O, blue arrows).<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153970\">Elizabeth Ellis; adapted by L. Steenblik Hwang<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A new way to farm<\/h2>\n<p>Mitchell Hora\u2019s family has been farming in Washington, Iowa for 152 years. \u201cMy first word as a baby was \u2018corn,\u2019\u201d he says. Hora learned to drive a tractor before he turned 10. \u201cThe only way that we\u2019re going to be able to [farm this land] for another 152 years,\u201d he says, \u201cis if we improve our soil health.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Healthy soil \u201cresembles chocolate cake,\u201d says Hora. It\u2019s chunky with spaces in between for air and water. Roots, worms and microbes call it home. This sort of soil holds onto water and nutrients. That lets plants grow bigger and stronger than they would in less healthy soil. These plants can survive longer stretches of bad weather. So healthier soils make for more productive farms, Hora says.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Hora_tractor.jpg\" alt=\"a photo of a young Mitchell Hora, a smiling kid with pale skin and wheat colored hair sitting on a tractor wheel and beaming\" class=\"wp-image-3153972\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Hora_tractor.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Hora_tractor-577x383.jpg 577w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Hora_tractor-678x450.jpg 678w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Hora_tractor-280x186.jpg 280w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Hora_tractor-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Hora_tractor-873x580.jpg 873w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153972\">Mitchell Hora grew up on a farm in Iowa that\u2019s been in his family for 152 years. He learned to drive tractors before he turned 10. He promotes sustainable practices that will allow farming to continue for another 152 years, he says. <\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153972\">Continuum Ag<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Hora still drives tractors on his family\u2019s farm. He also runs a company, Continuum Ag. It provides tools that help farmers improve their soil. With a <a href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/the-topsoil-podcast\/id1607630827\" rel=\"noopener\">podcast<\/a> and regular speaking appearances, Hora spreads the word about regenerative farming. This is a new approach to growing food that mimics nature.<\/p>\n<p>Key to succeeding with this approach: Keep \u201carmor\u201d on the soil, Hora says. For farms, this means growing cover crops \u2014 plants that grow during the winter or after harvests. These plants ensure the soil always contains living roots, he says. Those roots help hold onto the soil so that it doesn\u2019t erode away during rains or heavy winds.<\/p>\n<p>Farmers should also cycle through different types of crops. They might switch between corn and soybeans, for instance, rather than always growing corn. This is important because some crops add nutrients to soil that other crops need. Another way to protect soils: Avoid disturbing them by digging up soil through tilling or by spreading a lot of chemicals such as weed killers.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, farmers should raise livestock. When animals munch on and trample a cover crop, that encourages thicker plant growth, which takes in more carbon from the air via photosynthesis. These plants could also help put more carbon below ground as roots or other plant matter. And livestock poop \u2014 manure \u2014 adds natural fertilizer to the soil.<\/p>\n<p>These are not hard and fast rules, Hora stresses. They are guidelines to help each farm discover what works best for its situation.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"950\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming.png\" alt=\"a graphic showing the six principles of regenerative agriculture: maintain living roots, integrate animals, increase diversity, consider context, keep soil covered, minimize soil disturbance\" class=\"wp-image-3153971\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming.png 1440w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming-581x383.png 581w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming-682x450.png 682w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming-282x186.png 282w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming-879x580.png 879w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1440_CC_soil_carbon_regen_farming-1176x776.png 1176w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153971\">Regenerative farming has these six principles. Incorporating these practices can help a farm store more carbon underground \u2014 and boost soil health.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153971\">Elizabeth Ellis<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The advantages of no-till<\/h2>\n<p>In April 2018, Hora <a href=\"http:\/\/facebook.com\/watch\/?v=235884693823586 \u2197\" rel=\"noopener\">recorded a video while planting rows of corn with his father<\/a>. The field they were driving over already had tufts of tall rye grass everywhere. Their machinery pushed corn seeds into the ground right through this cover crop. Soon, they would remove the rye grass to give the baby corn plants room to grow.<\/p>\n<p>It was their second year with a cover crop on that field. And already, this land seemed more natural. \u201cDeer, pheasants, now coyotes and rabbits \u2014 there\u2019s plenty of animals coming back,\u201d Hora said in the video. \u201cThere\u2019s a heck of a lot of earthworms moving out here, as well.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_tilling.jpg\" alt=\"a tractor using a no-till drill to plant seeds\" class=\"wp-image-3153980\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_tilling.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_tilling-611x383.jpg 611w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_tilling-717x450.jpg 717w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_tilling-297x186.jpg 297w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_tilling-768x482.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_tilling-925x580.jpg 925w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153980\">Most farmers dig up the soil \u2014 a process called tilling \u2014 before planting a new crop. Over time, this causes the soil to lose carbon. Here, a tractor instead uses a no-till drill to plant seeds. The new plants will grow among existing plants.<\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153980\">Elizabeth Ellis<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Planting cover crops was a relatively new practice for this farm. But the Hora family and a small group of neighbors had stopped tilling their land back in 1978. They had gone to no-till farming mainly to cut costs of fuel and machinery. But they also wanted to help keep their soil from eroding.<\/p>\n<p>When a field is tilled, roots are broken or removed. So they can no longer hold soil in place. That soil is now more likely to wash away when it rains. No-till farming, which limits this soil loss, was quite rare in the \u201870s. It has since become more common. But even today, Hora notes, \u201conly about a third of [U.S. farms have] adopted no-till.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"1373\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora.jpg\" alt=\"Mitchell Hora, a white man with light colored hair, is seen standing in a field holding a large ball of health soil with a plant emerging from the top of it\" class=\"wp-image-3153979\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora-287x383.jpg 287w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora-338x450.jpg 338w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora-140x186.jpg 140w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora-435x580.jpg 435w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_soil_carbon_soil_Hora-582x776.jpg 582w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153979\">Farmer Mitchell Hora knows healthy soil when he sees it \u2014 or rather, holds and sniffs it. \u201cSoils that are healthy, they smell really good and earthy,\u201d he says. What\u2019s more, he notes, \u201cThey have worms and other critters.\u201d <\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153979\">Elizabeth Ellis<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Now, in 2025, the Iowa farmer says his fields are better off because of regenerative farming. They yield bigger harvests and need less fertilizer than in the past. And their crops are more resilient to bad weather. This transformation took time, but it was worth it, Hora says.<\/p>\n<p>Regenerative agriculture can clearly make soil healthier. But is it actually adding carbon back into the soil\u2019s bank account? The U.S. Department of Energy has a system farmers can use to check this. Based on information about a farm\u2019s practices and harvests, it calculates a carbon-intensity score. A negative score means you\u2019re banking extra carbon.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLast year I actually had some of my corn that was carbon-negative,\u201d Hora reports. And almost every year his soybean harvests are, too.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s excellent news. But scientists caution that most tools to assess carbon storage are based on imperfect computer simulations. What happens in a computer model is based on real processes. But a model can\u2019t capture everything. And we still don\u2019t understand these processes completely, explains Eric Slessarev. \u201cWe\u2019re sort of hoping that [the model] is close enough.\u201c He\u2019s an ecologist and soil scientist at Yale University in New Haven, Conn.<\/p>\n<p>Soils are incredibly complex systems. We\u2019re still learning how the changes that farmers make can actually impact the climate.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A carbon \u2018spending spree\u2019<\/h2>\n<p>If you want to store more carbon in soil, it might seem like you should just add more carbon-containing materials to it. This way of thinking imagines soil \u201cas a bucket,\u201d says Wenjuan Huang. Adding anything to a bucket starts to fill it.<\/p>\n<p>Huang tested this idea as part of her soil research at Iowa State University in Ames. In January, her team described results of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41893-024-01495-4\" rel=\"noopener\">20-year-long experiment<\/a> at a farm the school operates. The experiment compared several types of farming practices.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"725\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_clover_soy_corn.jpg\" alt=\"a field of purple clover in front of sections of the same field growing soybeans and corn\" class=\"wp-image-3153973\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_clover_soy_corn.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_clover_soy_corn-544x383.jpg 544w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_clover_soy_corn-639x450.jpg 639w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_clover_soy_corn-264x186.jpg 264w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_clover_soy_corn-768x541.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_clover_soy_corn-824x580.jpg 824w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153973\">Wenjuan Huang\u2019s team studied what happens to carbon and nitrogen cycling when you grow a variety of different crops. Here, clover grows in the foreground, with soybeans and corn growing at the same time on other sections of the field. Every year, the team rotated these crops. Over 20 years, the soil got healthier and needed less fertilizer than less diverse fields. <\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153973\">Paula R. Westerman<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In some fields, the researchers grew corn and soybeans in a typical rotation. This left the field empty part of the year. On other fields, they added cover crops \u2014 such as clover or alfalfa \u2014 to the rotation. So there was almost always something growing. Plus, the researchers added cow manure before planting the corn.<\/p>\n<p>All those extra plants and the manure contain lots of carbon. So over 20 years, these fields had more carbon added to them, says Huang. Surprisingly, her team didn\u2019t find any increase in the carbon content of these soils, she says. The soil was not like a bucket. Where did the extra carbon go?<\/p>\n<p>Think about what happens when you get extra money in your bank account. Do you leave it there? Or do you go on a spending spree?<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"1374\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release.jpg\" alt=\"a device that measured greenhouse gas release from soil samples in Huang's lab\" class=\"wp-image-3153974\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release-287x383.jpg 287w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release-337x450.jpg 337w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release-139x186.jpg 139w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release-435x580.jpg 435w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_greenhouse_gas_release-582x776.jpg 582w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153974\">Wenjuan Huang\u2019s team took dozens of soil samples, each one meter long. They set up 36 samples in the lab to measure greenhouse gas release over the course of a year. <\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153974\">Matthew Leeford<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Many people tend to spend everything they get. Soil microbes, it turns out, act the same way. Putting more carbon into the soil kicked the microbes into high gear, Huang found. They churned through carbon faster in the diverse fields. So the extra carbon quickly wound up back in the air again. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>This may seem like bad news. But carbon is just one part of a farm\u2019s environmental impact. Microbes tearing through extra soil carbon made more nitrogen available in the soil, Huang\u2019s team found. And nitrogen boosts plant growth.<\/p>\n<p>Farmers typically spread fertilizer to add nitrogen to a field. But these Iowa State fields didn\u2019t need much fertilizer. That\u2019s a climate benefit for two reasons. First, making fertilizer uses fossil fuels. Second, excess fertilizer the crops don\u2019t use attracts a type of microbe that emits nitrous oxide into the air. This gas is 300 times worse for the climate than CO<sub>2 <\/sub>is.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers use the term <em>CO<sub>2<\/sub> equivalents<\/em> to measure the impact of all greenhouse gases that some process emits. Compared to typical fields, the more diverse ones in this study actually reduced their overall CO<sub>2<\/sub> equivalent emissions by 60 to 70 percent.<\/p>\n<p>Huang\u2019s fields only used a few regenerative farming practices. For instance, all test fields got tilled between plantings. Since 2021, Huang says, her group has been studying what happens when they reduce tillage. Perhaps this will help start to refill the carbon bank.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A hunt for buried treasure<\/h2>\n<p>Would letting a field go completely back to nature fill up its carbon bank account? Stevenson, at UW\u2013Madison, studied this in a rural part of her state. \u201cThe farmers there are really into research,\u201d she says. So they let her team dig small holes in their fields and the neighboring forests.<\/p>\n<p>But before heading out with shovels (and sunscreen and bug spray), her team reviewed historic maps. They identified current farmland as well as forests that had never been farmed. They also found former farmland that had returned to forest 70 years ago. With the help of software, they picked random locations in each area to dig their holes. Then they had to find their way to these spots on a map.<\/p>\n<p>It was like a treasure hunt.<\/p>\n<p>After digging each small pit, they\u2019d hammer a hollow metal tube into its side, Stevenson explains. Then they\u2019d dig around the tube and remove it. Inside the tube was a core of soil.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"687\" src=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_comparison.jpg\" alt=\"two differnt pits dug into soil, on the left soil that has been farmed, and on the right soil that has never been farmed\" class=\"wp-image-3153975\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_comparison.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_comparison-574x383.jpg 574w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_comparison-675x450.jpg 675w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_comparison-279x186.jpg 279w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_comparison-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_comparison-870x580.jpg 870w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3153975\">Annalisa Stevenson compared soils on farms (left) to nearby never-farmed forests (right). These digs could be challenging. In the forest, she had to contend with roots. On farm fields, they sometimes pulled up potatoes, she says. \u201cIf we dig up a few, we try and put them back.\u201d <\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3153975\">A. Stevenson\/UW\u2013Madison<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>They <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0167880923004449\" rel=\"noopener\">measured how much carbon each core held<\/a>. Land that had never been farmed had the most carbon per core. Reforested farmland had gained a lot of carbon in the very top layer of soil, where fallen leaves had built up. But even after 70 years, the next layer down hadn\u2019t recovered carbon it had lost to farming.<\/p>\n<p>Never-farmed soils also contained more bits of clay. That\u2019s very important, Stevenson says. Clay can act like a sticky shield for plant matter or other carbon-based materials. Microbes have trouble decomposing material that\u2019s stuck to clay. So clay can help keep carbon trapped underground. But when soil gets tilled for farming or sits out in the open between plantings, wind blows a lot of the clay away.<\/p>\n<p>Results like Huang\u2019s and Stevenson\u2019s can improve tools for tracking a farm\u2019s carbon intensity and guide farmers in managing their fields.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\">\n<p><div class=\"youtube-embed\" data-video_id=\"5C4shJBbKKI\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Green agriculture gets a boost from New York\u2019s first dairy farm biochar kiln.\" width=\"696\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5C4shJBbKKI?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cow poop releases the greenhouse gas methane as it decomposes. It also stinks! Spruce Haven Farm is now turning cow poop into biochar. This graphite-like material doesn\u2019t smell and takes a very long time to decompose.\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A new purpose for cow poop<\/h2>\n<p>Farms produce corn, wheat, milk \u2014 things we love to eat. But they also produce corn stalks and leaves, wheat stems, roots and lots and lots of cow poop. Often, these wastes, what scientists call biomass, end up rotting on or near a field. That releases the carbon that\u2019s in them back into the air. Manure also releases methane and a distinctive stench. (If you\u2019ve ever passed a cow farm, you\u2019ll recall the odor all too well.)<\/p>\n<p>At Spruce Haven Farm in upstate New York, cow poop has a new, less smelly destination. This farm now runs machines that turn manure into a charcoal-like substance called biochar. It \u201creduces the smell to zero,\u201d says Johannes Lehmann. A soil scientist, he works at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. He helped Spruce Haven farm set up its biochar operation.<\/p>\n<p>To make this substance, you first dry the biomass. It can be manure or any other carbon-rich waste. Next, it goes through pyrolysis. This process looks similar to burning in a fire. But it\u2019s different. A regular fire turns lots of those wastes into CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Pyrolysis instead chars biomass until it is almost entirely solid carbon.<\/p>\n<p>Farmers can then add biochar to their fields. Because microbes can\u2019t easily break it down, says Lehmann, biochar\u2019s carbon can remain trapped in soil for a very long time. How long will depend on the climate. On average, half of the carbon in biochar <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42773-024-00366-7\" rel=\"noopener\">will still be there after 550 years<\/a>, his team reported last year. If you instead add biomass directly to soil, says Lehmann, its carbon could be gone in a matter of months to a few years.<\/p>\n<p>Biochar also acts a bit like those clay particles that Stevenson noticed in Wisconsin. It has a certain stickiness, says Slessarev at Yale. This helps it hold onto water and nutrients. So adding biochar helps make soils healthier. Sandy soils, which host little carbon, could benefit a lot from biochar, he says.<\/p>\n<p>But we might not always want to turn biomass into biochar, Slessarev notes. Biomass could be injected directly into wells or other underground spots where it can\u2019t decompose. For instance, last year scientists reported digging up a buried log that had <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/burying-wood-carbon-fight-climate-change\">lasted 3,775 years without rotting<\/a>. A blanket of clay had protected it from becoming dinner for microbes. So in some places, burying biomass might be simpler and less costly than charring it.<\/p>\n<section class=\"newsletter-signup__wrapper___lZ0W1 wp-block-house-ads wp-block-newsletter-signup\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/conversion\/zephr-iframe-test\" width=\"100%\" height=\"224\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<p>One very important lesson is that soils are complex, living systems. They aren\u2019t just buckets or even banks. They\u2019re \u201ca hidden world beneath our feet,\u201d Paustian says. That world contains a vast array of microbes, worms, insects, fungi and more. And it\u2019s not easy to predict how these hidden communities will behave.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s actually an amazing array of different kinds of soil,\u201d Slessarev says. What happens to a soil\u2019s carbon depends on the local weather and the soil\u2019s minerals, depth, health and lifeforms.<\/p>\n<p>Slessarev is skeptical that agriculture worldwide will ever trap more carbon than it emits. Indeed, Stevenson notes, \u201cit\u2019s a lot easier to lose [carbon] than it is to gain it back.\u201d Societies should protect forests, wetlands and other parts of the environment that currently store large amounts of carbon, she says.<\/p>\n<p>But farms still have an important role to play, Slessarev says. Societies rely on farms to supply food. By working together with soils\u2019 carbon-trapping superpowers, farmers can make agriculture more climate-friendly.<\/p>\n<p>Thankfully, Hora and many others have already gotten that message. Change takes time, that grower says. But it\u2019s happening. Helping other farmers learn how to improve the health of their soil, he says, feels \u201cawesome.\u201d<a id=\"_msocom_1\"\/><\/p>\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text\"\/><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/article\/farm-soil-carbon-climate-superhero\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Annalisa Stevenson loves soil. Most of us ignore it as dirt. But soil is \u201cliterally the foundation of life,\u201d notes this Ph.D. student at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison. She considers it the \u201ccoolest thing to study.\u201d And she plans to make soil science her career. The field of soil science is especially important right now. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":289190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.snexplores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/1030_CC_carbon_soil_Annalisa_Stevenson-.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[606],"tags":[486,7310,5054,2324,133876],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289189"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=289189"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289189\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":289191,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/289189\/revisions\/289191"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/289190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=289189"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=289189"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=289189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}