{"id":63228,"date":"2024-05-31T15:45:31","date_gmt":"2024-05-31T15:45:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/05\/31\/the-largest-known-genome-belongs-to-a-tiny-fern\/"},"modified":"2024-05-31T15:45:31","modified_gmt":"2024-05-31T15:45:31","slug":"the-largest-known-genome-belongs-to-a-tiny-fern","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/2024\/05\/31\/the-largest-known-genome-belongs-to-a-tiny-fern\/","title":{"rendered":"The largest known genome belongs to a tiny fern"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:center\"><\/div> \r\n<br><div data-component=\"video-embed\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n<p>Big things can sometimes come in small packages.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A small fern has broken the record <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109889\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the largest genome yet known<\/a>, researchers report May 31 in <em>iScience<\/em>. The plant\u2019s full set of genetic instructions is over 50 times the size of the human genome.\u00a0And it\u2019s about 7 percent larger than the genome of the previous record holder, a Japanese flower dubbed <em>Paris japonica<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most plants have relatively small genomes, says Jaume Pellicer, an evolutionary biologist at the Botanical Institute of Barcelona. But some groups of plants are exceptions, possessing immense genomes that are some of the largest yet discovered across the tree of life. Pellicer and his colleagues were interested in studying these giant genomes to better understand how they evolve and function in the organisms that wield them.<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"sn-conversion rich-text rich-text--with-sidebar\">\n<style><![CDATA[\n.email-conversion {\n  border: 1px solid #ffcccb;\n  color: white;\n  margin-top: 50px;\n  background-image: url(\"\/wp-content\/themes\/sciencenews\/client\/src\/images\/cta-module@2x.jpg\");\n  padding: 20px;\n  clear: both;\n}\n\n]]><\/style>\n\n\n\n                        <style class=\"is-layout-flow 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none;\n}\n\nform.zephr-form-content {\n    opacity: .9;\n}\n\nlabel.zephr-form-checkbox-label {\n    font-size: 1.2rem;\n    font-weight: bolder;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-custom-text > h4 {\n    color: black !important;\n}\n\nbutton.zephr-form-button {\n    background: #d4441f !important;\n    font-weight: bold !important;\n    text-transform: uppercase !important;\n}\n\nlabel.zephr-payment-form-checkbox-label {\n    color: white;\n    font-size: 1.6rem;\n}\n\n.zephr-form-content {\n    background:#2f537f;\n    \n}\n\n.zephr-payment-form-custom-text {\n    margin-top: .2rem;\n}\n\n.zephr-payment-form-checkbox-label {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    font-family: var(--zephr-typography-body-font), var(--zephr-typography-body-fallbackFont);\n    color: white;\n    font-weight: bold;\n}]]><\/style>\n                        \n                        \n<\/aside>\n\n\n<p>Previous work suggested that some fork ferns (<em>Tmesipteris<\/em>) had particularly big genomes. So, the team embarked on a detailed survey of the six fork fern species found in the South Pacific islands of New Caledonia. The researchers took cells from the ferns\u2019 leaves and isolated their nuclei, which contain the genome. By staining the nuclei\u2019s DNA with a fluorescent dye and comparing how much these nuclei fluoresced relative to those from multiple plants with smaller genomes, the researchers calculated the size of each fork fern\u2019s genome.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One species \u2014 <em>T. oblanceolata<\/em> \u2014 has the largest genome of any organism yet measured. The fern mainly grows on larger forest plants and is up to only 15 centimeters long. But its genome has a length of 160 billion nucleobases, the paired chemical rungs bridging the two sides of the DNA double helix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption wp-caption-3140024\">The yellow balls on this New Caledonian fork fern are synangia, the spore-producing structures in this group of ferns. <\/span><span class=\"credit wp-credit-3140024\">Oriane Hidalgo<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Pellicer and colleagues had also identified the previous record holder \u2014 at about 150 billion nucleobases \u2014 in 2010. Because it\u2019s taken so long for the team to break their own record, Pellicer wonders if <em>T. oblanceolata<\/em> is at or near the biological limit of genome size. Maintaining such a cumbersome spool of genetic material can get complicated at such extreme sizes and it\u2019s not yet clear how these genomes function, he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYou have to replicate over 100 meters of DNA every time a cell divides,\u201d Pellicer says, which requires the organism to expend a great deal of energy. \u201cTo me, it\u2019s very puzzling.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plant genomes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/reeking-parasitic-sapria-plant-lost-body-much-genetic-code\">vary greatly in size<\/a>, with the largest genomes being 2,500 times as big as the smallest (<em>SN: 2\/10\/21<\/em>). One way plants can dramatically bloat their genomes is by inheriting extra copies of entire chromosomes. Another process, Pellicer says, is accumulating long sections of repetitive DNA sequences. Analyzing and sequencing <em>T. oblanceolata<\/em>\u2019s vast genome in detail could reveal more about how it grew so large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plant evolutionary scientist Liming Cai wonders if some plants with giant genomes, like this fork fern, might have a history of repeated genetic bottlenecks, where the species went through multiple rounds of population shrinking and loss of genetic diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDuring a process like this, a lot of the deleterious mutations would accumulate. And that would include a lot of the junk DNA that may play a role in creating such [large] genomes,\u201d says Cai, of the University of Texas at Austin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cai is also curious how the abundance of gene copies in the fork fern\u2019s huge genome compares to those in the far smaller genomes of some aquatic ferns. Such research might help reveal how and why extremes in genome size evolve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pellicer says the findings highlight the importance of cataloging biodiversity using genome data and targeting those studies on less obvious species. The fork fern may not be an iconic, showy plant with beautiful flowers, but its cells harbor a biological marvel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt would never get the attention of anyone walking by,\u201d he says. \u201cIt\u2019s a small plant, you wouldn\u2019t even bother to look at it. But the beauty of this plant is inside.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<br>\r\n<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/largest-genome-tiny-fern\">Source link <\/a>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Big things can sometimes come in small packages.\u00a0 A small fern has broken the record for the largest genome yet known, researchers report May 31 in iScience. The plant\u2019s full set of genetic instructions is over 50 times the size of the human genome.\u00a0And it\u2019s about 7 percent larger than the genome of the previous [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":63229,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.sciencenews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/053024_jb_largest_genome_inline.jpg?resize=680%2C510&ssl=1","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[606],"tags":[48933,60653,10286,3493,18917],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63228"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63228"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63230,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63228\/revisions\/63230"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63229"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/news.talkwithrattan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}